Three Sovereigns for Sarah and the Salem witch-hunt

今天的報告很棒! 

沒有靠大家做好每個人份內的事

就無法有今天這麼美好的成果 :)

特別要感謝 小康 裕文 老莫

因為你們的付出又特別多!

時間：10.01.05 10:10 - 10.01.06 00:10

地點：人社二館 自學中心

出席：心盈、怡秀、品妤、之浩、家民、裕文、志遠、志宇、敬云、芊卉、書渝、吟萱

大致流程：講者模擬報告 >>> 討論、補充 >>> 講義資料總匯整

工作暫時告一段落囉大家辛苦了

麥卡錫主義（McCarthyism）是在20世紀50年代初，由美國參議員約瑟夫‧麥卡錫（Joseph Raymond McCarthy，1908-1957。）煽起的美國全國性反共「十字軍運動」。

麥卡錫是共和黨人，原在威斯康辛州擔任律師，1942年任巡迴法庭法官，1946年選為參議員，1952年獲選連任。

他任職期間，大肆渲染共產黨侵入政府和輿論界，促使成立「非美調查委員會」（House Committee on Un-American Activities），在文藝界和政府部門煽動人們互相揭發，許多著名人士如演員查理‧卓別林和原子弹之父－羅伯特‧奧本海默等都受到迫害，被指控為向蘇聯透露機密和為蘇聯充當間諜。

1950年二月九日，麥卡錫在一個紀念林肯誕辰的聚會上演說，表示手上握有一份205人的名單，指稱這些人在政府部門組織了一個共產黨的間諜網，他們是侵害美國的叛徒，目的在擴大共產勢力，讓自由世界逐日退縮。許多公務員就在「安全有顧慮」等莫須有的罪名下遭到監控、解僱或囚禁。以後凡對於公開指控某人有親共而不忠於國家之行為，但卻無充份證據者，通稱此為麥卡錫主義（McCarthyism）。

**

EPISODE 3

Mary因罪證不足，遭到釋放，但是才高興沒多久，小孩子又發作，而Mary也被送入了監牢。姐妹重聚，分外喜悅，但又分外心酸；Rebecca也早已萬念俱灰，而稍早的Sarah Good也沒能保住她的新生兒，過了不久Rebecca就被帶走，這也是Sarah最後一次見到Rebecca。調查人員拿出一份資料，意外的發現原來陪審團認定Rebecca為無罪，Sarah恨恨的解釋，一開始的確無罪，但是孩子又開始發作，法官要求陪審團回去重新考慮，再來，就是有罪了。

下一幕，Rebecca被帶到怪頭Nicholas的面前，這個Nicholas是Rebecca所屬教堂的牧師，而她被帶來這裡的目的，就是要讓怪頭宣判Rebecca的絕罰(Excommunication)，所謂的絕罰就是基督教中，對於這名有罪之人的隔絕，換句話說，就是逐出教會，而受到絕罰者，理所當然會下地獄；這對一生信奉上帝、愛上帝的這名老婦人無異是相當大的打擊。

7月19日，Sarah Good和Rebecca相繼被吊死。死後屍體被隨意掩埋，並未設立十字架墓碑。

自學中心有一套大英百科全書，期中有關witch hunt部分，重點摘錄如下：

1.現代藝術作品中的女巫主題，與真實情況出入很大：

女巫獵殺並非發生於中世紀，而主要發生於14-18世紀，也就是文藝復興、宗教改革、科學革命等時期。並不存在所謂崇拜女神或「有角的神（Horned God）」，而被視為女巫這種異端宗教團體；女巫並非一種古老的異端信仰者，不以接生婆為主，也不限於女性。女巫獵殺並沒有起訴，更別提處死數百萬人，女巫獵殺也不是一種對異端宗教的迫害。

2.西方所謂的巫術（witchcraft），一般被認為是使用魔法來尋求超自然的力量，並且魔法的學習出自於個人的自由意志。

3.14-18世紀的人們相信，女巫為背棄上帝、崇拜惡魔，並與惡魔訂條約的人。他們晚上會飛行至空中進行聚會（sabbats），聚會包含放蕩的性愛狂歡，或是與撒旦發生性行為等；他們能改變自己的形貌，能驅使動物外型的靈魂，並且綁架、食用小孩或使用小孩的脂肪做魔藥。

一、決定報告大綱

1. 劇情介紹(稍提crucible較仔細講sovereign)


2. 背景(歷史社會(性別歧視+父系+寡婦握有土地)+宗教背景 (sovereign引用經文)


3. 分析(重點+觀點+角色+證據真&假)

In the Puritan New England town of Salem, Massachusetts, a group of girls goes dancing in the forest with a black slave named Tituba. While dancing, they are caught by the local minister, Reverend Parris. One of the girls, Parris’s daughter Betty, falls into a coma-like state. A crowd gathers in the Parris home while rumors of witchcraft fill the town. Having sent for Reverend Hale, an expert on witchcraft, Parris questions Abigail Williams, the girls’ ringleader, about the events that took place in the forest. Abigail, who is Parris’s niece and ward, admits to doing nothing beyond “dancing.”

While Parris tries to calm the crowd that has gathered in his home, Abigail talks to some of the other girls, telling them not to admit to anything. John Proctor, a local farmer, then enters and talks to Abigail alone. Unbeknownst to anyone else in the town, while working in Proctor’s home the previous year she engaged in an affair with him, which led to her being fired by his wife, Elizabeth. Abigail still desires Proctor, but he fends her off and tells her to end her foolishness with the girls.

Betty wakes up and begins screaming. Much of the crowd rushes upstairs and gathers in her bedroom, arguing over whether she is bewitched. A separate argument between Proctor, Parris, the argumentative Giles Corey, and the wealthy Thomas Putnam soon ensues. This dispute centers on money and land deeds, and it suggests that deep fault lines run through the Salem community. As the men argue, Reverend Hale arrives and examines Betty, while Proctor departs. Hale quizzes Abigail about the girls’ activities in the forest, grows suspicious of her behavior, and demands to speak to Tituba. After Parris and Hale interrogate her for a brief time, Tituba confesses to communing with the devil, and she hysterically accuses various townsfolk of consorting with the devil. Suddenly, Abigail joins her, confessing to having seen the devil conspiring and cavorting with other townspeople. Betty joins them in naming witches, and the crowd is thrown into an uproar.

A week later, alone in their farmhouse outside of town, John and Elizabeth Proctor discuss the ongoing trials and the escalating number of townsfolk who have been accused of being witches. Elizabeth urges her husband to denounce Abigail as a fraud; he refuses, and she becomes jealous, accusing him of still harboring feelings for her. Mary Warren, their servant and one of Abigail’s circle, returns from Salem with news that Elizabeth has been accused of witchcraft but the court did not pursue the accusation. Mary is sent up to bed, and John and Elizabeth continue their argument, only to be interrupted by a visit from Reverend Hale. While they discuss matters, Giles Corey and Francis Nurse come to the Proctor home with news that their wives have been arrested. Officers of the court suddenly arrive and arrest Elizabeth. After they have taken her, Proctor browbeats Mary, insisting that she must go to Salem and expose Abigail and the other girls as frauds.

The next day, Proctor brings Mary to court and tells Judge Danforth that she will testify that the girls are lying. Danforth is suspicious of Proctor’s motives and tells Proctor, truthfully, that Elizabeth is pregnant and will be spared for a time. Proctor persists in his charge, convincing Danforth to allow Mary to testify. Mary tells the court that the girls are lying. When the girls are brought in, they turn the tables by accusing Mary of bewitching them. Furious, Proctor confesses his affair with Abigail and accuses her of being motivated by jealousy of his wife. To test Proctor’s claim, Danforth summons Elizabeth and asks her if Proctor has been unfaithful to her. Despite her natural honesty, she lies to protect Proctor’s honor, and Danforth denounces Proctor as a liar. Meanwhile, Abigail and the girls again pretend that Mary is bewitching them, and Mary breaks down and accuses Proctor of being a witch. Proctor rages against her and against the court. He is arrested, and Hale quits the proceedings.

lThree Sovereigns – 原本以為政府給Sarah金幣有低頭認錯的的意味，但其實好像就只是像撫慰金一般，並沒有所謂低頭的意味，可能是因為第一個陳冤者，所以給予three sovereigns。其實在1695年後，便有新的法庭制度來審判女巫，以避免像之前一樣荒謬，但是許多家屬不能接受，就像Sarah一樣想要替親人洗清冤屈，而Sarah是第一個向政府要求洗輕冤屈的人，所以政府給予three sovereigns已示代表，政府之後更於1711年發放慰問金。

lRebecca’s 老公 – 其實Rebecca的丈夫就跟一般當時的普羅大眾一樣是愚民，在Rebecca被懷疑時，他亦沒有出來辯解，反而還心生懷疑，這可以很明顯的反映出當時人們對於鬼神方面都很敬畏，甚至到有點盲從，只要有人這樣說，大家就會跟著懷疑，進而到大家都這樣認定，以Rebecca’s 老公作為代表，最能顯示出當時人民人云亦云的現象。

lAnn為何沒有被審判 – 當時很多小孩指控很多女巫，尤其以Ann為首，但是Ann始終是指控者的腳色，並未承認自己受到惡魔的控制，所以逃過制裁，但是在這次屠殺後，於1706年寫下悔過書，承認當時受到魔鬼影響，矇蔽自己的心靈，或許藉由這項舉動，來彌補之前隨意指控他人的罪過吧！

 (奕廷)

參考資料：http://blog.udn.com/550907/513776

電影中的人物可大略分為以下三類：

Accuse:

Abigail Williams

Betty

Ruth ( daughter

Analysis

The Crucible is a play about the intersection of private sins with paranoia, hysteria, and religious intolerance. The citizens of Arthur Miller’s Salem of 1692 would consider the very concept of a private life heretical. The government of Salem, and of Massachusetts as a whole, is a theocracy, with the legal system based on the Christian Bible. Moral laws and state laws are one and the same; sin and the status of an individual’s soul are public concerns. An individual’s private life must conform to the moral laws, or the individual represents a threat to the public good.

Regulating the morality of citizens requires surveillance. For every inhabitant of Salem, there is a potential witness to the individual’s private crimes. State officials patrol the township, requiring citizens to give an account of their activities. Free speech is not a protected right, and saying the wrong thing can easily land a citizen in jail. Most of the punishments, such as the stocks, whipping, and hangings, are public, with the punishment serving to shame the lawbreaker and remind the public that to disagree with the state’s decisions is to disagree with God’s will.

The Crucible introduces a community full of underlying personal grudges. Religion pervades every aspect of life, but it is a religion that lacks a ritual outlet to manage emotions such as anger, jealousy, or resentment. By 1692, Salem has become a fairly established community, removed from its days as an outpost on a hostile frontier. Many of the former dangers that united the community in its early years have lessened, while interpersonal feuds and grudges over property, religious offices, and sexual behavior have begun to simmer beneath the theocratic surface. These tensions, combined with the paranoia about supernatural forces, pervade the town’s religious sensibility and provide the raw materials for the hysteria of the witch trials.

Symbols

一、女巫

(一)女巫介紹

1.女巫的特徵：the power to fly, reading books, muttering curses and making potions with live animals. Abigail accuses Mary Warren of ‘sending out her spirit’ against her, and this was supposed to be another power of witches.

2.女巫獵殺：In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, an estimated 60,000 people were executed for witchcraft in Europe and North America. Most were poor and old and often single women who had nobody to stand up for them. In England the last witchcraft trial took place in 1712.

3.相信女巫的人：It was not just religious, superstitious or uneducated people who believed in witches. King James VI of Scotland (who later became King James I of England) wrote a book about witches called Demonologies’ published in 1597.

Salem,  一個在美國波士頓以北約16英哩東北海岸線的麻州小城，以女巫而出名。這源自於以宗教假想去迫害百姓的一段殘酷歷史。

這裡是最早歐洲移民登陸和貿易來往的古老海港之一，腹地的山谷平原更是早期移民的墾荒開發定居點。在十七世紀來到Salem的以清教徒為主。

(社會現象)

當時的清教徒極端壓制女性，害怕女性淫蕩不忠，也害怕受到女性淫蕩不忠的引誘。她們的活動被限制在家中，教導服從男人意志為準則。在男人負責說話，女人義務聽從的心裡行為導向中，被認可的 "正常"女人是含蓄的，善良的，無自己意志的。但當女 人變成軟弱無依，又因此被認為是無能抵抗魔鬼入侵，容易被魔鬼掌握，導致罣於她們情緒不穩，精神行為異常。

兒童在清教徒社會文他裡的地位又比女性成人還低。他們活在輕手躡腳的嚴厲生活規範中，不淮隨意說話，也就是 "可以被看見，但不可以被聽見的成長生活狀態。玩具或遊戲也不鼓勵玩，因為其被認為讓兒童懶惰的魔鬼誘惑。